{"id":1830,"date":"2025-01-25T17:54:35","date_gmt":"2025-01-25T17:54:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bhiggs.x10hosting.com\/PracticalCPlusPlusProgramming\/?page_id=1830"},"modified":"2025-01-25T18:45:23","modified_gmt":"2025-01-25T18:45:23","slug":"stream-manipulators","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bhiggs.x10hosting.com\/PracticalCPlusPlusProgramming\/index.php\/topics\/c-details\/i-o-streams\/stream-manipulators\/","title":{"rendered":"Stream Manipulators"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

<\/span>Stream Manipulators<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Stream manipulators perform formatting tasks.  They can:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • set the base for a field<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • set the precision for a floating point field<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • set field width<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • set precision<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • set and unset format flags<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • set the fill character for fields<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • insert a newline and flush an output stream<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • flush an output stream<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • insert a null terminator<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • skip whitespace in an input stream<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • etc…<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    <\/span>Integer Base<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    You can use the dec, oct, hex and setbase stream manipulators to control how integers are interpreted for a stream:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
    \n
    <\/path><\/path><\/svg><\/span>
    \/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  main.cpp<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  iostreams - Stream Manipulators<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  Created by Bryan Higgs on 9\/2\/24.<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iostream><\/span><\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iomanip><\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nint<\/span> <\/span>main<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>argc<\/span>, <\/span>const<\/span> <\/span>char<\/span> <\/span>*<\/span> <\/span>argv<\/span>[]) <\/span><\/span>\n{<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>int<\/span> n;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>"Enter a decimal number: "<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cin >> n;<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << n << <\/span>" in hexadecimal is: "<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>std<\/span>::hex << n << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>std<\/span>::dec << n<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>" in octal is: "<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>std<\/span>::oct << n << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>setbase<\/span>(<\/span>8<\/span>) << n << <\/span>"(octal) "<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>"in decimal is: "<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>std<\/span>::dec << n << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n  <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>0<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n}<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    which outputs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Enter a decimal number: 19<\/em>\n19 in hexadecimal is: 13\n19 in octal is: 23\n23(octal) in decimal is: 19\nProgram ended with exit code: 0<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    NOTE: The italicized number is input to the program.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    For setbase(base)<\/code>, values of base other than 8, 10, or 16 reset basefield<\/code> to zero, which corresponds to decimal output and prefix-dependent input.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
    <\/span>Floating Point Precision<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    <\/span>std::ios_base& fixed( std::ios_base& str )<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    Sets the floatfield of the stream str to fixed (fixed floating point notation).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/span>setprecision(streamsize precision), precision(streamsize, precision)<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    The precision<\/strong> member function of ios_base<\/strong>, and the setprecision<\/strong> stream manipulator control the precision of floating point numbers:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    \n
    <\/path><\/path><\/svg><\/span>
    \/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  main.cpp<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  iostreams - Stream Manipulators<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  Created by Bryan Higgs on 9\/2\/24.<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iostream><\/span><\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iomanip><\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nint<\/span> <\/span>main<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>argc<\/span>, <\/span>const<\/span> <\/span>char<\/span> <\/span>*<\/span> <\/span>argv<\/span>[]) <\/span><\/span>\n{<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>const<\/span> <\/span>double<\/span> PI = <\/span>3.1415927<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>int<\/span> i;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::fixed;<\/span>  \/\/ use floating point fixed notation<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>for<\/span> (i = <\/span>0<\/span>; i < <\/span>6<\/span>; i++)<\/span><\/span>\n  {<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cout<\/span>.<\/span>precision<\/span>(i);<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << PI << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  }<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>for<\/span> (i = <\/span>0<\/span>; i < <\/span>6<\/span>; i++)<\/span><\/span>\n  {<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>setprecision<\/span>(i) << PI << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  }<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>0<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n}<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    which outputs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    3\n3.1\n3.14\n3.142\n3.1416\n3.14159\n\n3\n3.1\n3.14\n3.142\n3.1416\n3.14159\nProgram ended with exit code: 0<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
    <\/span>Field Width<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    <\/span>width(), setw()<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    The width<\/strong> member function and the setw<\/strong> stream manipulator set the minimum width for the next field only<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    If the data is larger than the specified width, it overflows the width:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    \n
    <\/path><\/path><\/svg><\/span>
    \/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  main.cpp<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  iostreams - Stream Manipulators<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  Created by Bryan Higgs on 9\/2\/24.<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iostream><\/span><\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iomanip><\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nint<\/span> <\/span>main<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>argc<\/span>, <\/span>const<\/span> <\/span>char<\/span> <\/span>*<\/span> <\/span>argv<\/span>[]) <\/span><\/span>\n{<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>char<\/span> string[] = <\/span>"Hi!"<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>for<\/span> (<\/span>int<\/span> w = <\/span>0<\/span>; w < <\/span>6<\/span>; w++)<\/span><\/span>\n  {<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << w << <\/span>": <"<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cout<\/span>.<\/span>width<\/span>(w);<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << string << <\/span>">"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  }<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>for<\/span> (<\/span>int<\/span> w = <\/span>0<\/span>; w < <\/span>6<\/span>; w++)<\/span><\/span>\n  {<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << w << <\/span>": <"<\/span><\/span>\n              << <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>setw<\/span>(w)<\/span><\/span>\n              << string << <\/span>">"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  }<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n  <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>0<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n}<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    which outputs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    0: <Hi!>\n1: <Hi!>\n2: <Hi!>\n3: <Hi!>\n4: < Hi!>\n5: <  Hi!>\n0: <Hi!>\n1: <Hi!>\n2: <Hi!>\n3: <Hi!>\n4: < Hi!>\n5: <  Hi!>\nProgram ended with exit code: 0<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
    width<\/code><\/strong> and setw<\/code><\/strong> both also work on input streams:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    \n
    <\/path><\/path><\/svg><\/span>
    \/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  main.cpp<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  iostreams - Stream Manipulators<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  Created by Bryan Higgs on 9\/2\/24.<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iostream><\/span><\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iomanip><\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nint<\/span> <\/span>main<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>argc<\/span>, <\/span>const<\/span> <\/span>char<\/span> <\/span>*<\/span> <\/span>argv<\/span>[]) <\/span><\/span>\n{<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>char<\/span> <\/span>buffer<\/span>[<\/span>8<\/span>];<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>int<\/span> w = <\/span>2<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>"Enter a line of text, a newline, and then EOF:"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cin<\/span>.<\/span>width<\/span>(w);<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>while<\/span> ( <\/span>std<\/span>::cin >> buffer )<\/span><\/span>\n  {<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>'<'<\/span> << buffer << <\/span>'>'<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>if<\/span> ( w < <\/span>sizeof<\/span>(buffer) )<\/span>  \/\/ Don't overflow buffer<\/span><\/span>\n    {<\/span><\/span>\n      <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cin<\/span>.<\/span>width<\/span>(++w);<\/span><\/span>\n      <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cin<\/span>.<\/span>width<\/span>(++w);<\/span><\/span>\n    }<\/span><\/span>\n  }<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>0<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n}<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    which outputs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Enter a line of text, a newline, and then EOF:\nOmnia Gallia in tres partes divisa est.<\/em>\n\n<O>\n<mni>\n<a>\n<Gallia>\n<in>\n<tres>\n<partes>\n<divisa>\n<est.>\n\n\u0004\nProgram ended with exit code: 0<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
    <\/span>Stream Format States<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    Here is a table of available stream manipulators for formatting fields:<\/p>\n\n\n
    \n\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \n
    skipws<\/strong><\/code><\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    Skip whitespace on input stream<\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    noskipws<\/strong><\/code><\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    Do not skip whitespace<\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>
    \n
    left<\/code><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    Left justify output in a field<\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    right<\/code><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    right justify output in a field<\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>
    \n
    internal<\/code><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    Left pad number signs in a field, and right pad number magnitudes<\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    dec<\/code><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    Treat integers as decimal<\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>
    \n
    oct<\/code><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    Treat integers as octal<\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    hex<\/code><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    Treat integers as hexadecimal<\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>
    \n
    showbase<\/code><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    Output the base of a number in front of the number (0 for octal, 0x or 0X for hexadecimal)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    noshowbase<\/code><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    Do not output the base of the number<\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>
    \n
    showpoint<\/code><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    Output floating point numbers with a decimal point<\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    noshowpoint<\/code><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    Do not output floating point numbers with a decimal point<\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>
    \n
    uppercase<\/code><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    Use uppercase letters for hex integers and scientific notation<\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    nouppercase<\/code><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    Do not use uppercase letters for hex integers and scientific notation<\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>
    \n
    showpos<\/code><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    Precede positive numbers with a + sign<\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    noshowpos<\/code><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    Do not precede positive numbers with a = sign<\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>
    \n
    scientific<\/code><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    Output floating point values in scientific notation<\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    fixed<\/code><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n\n
    \n
    Ouput floating point values in fixed point notation<\/p>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n
    <\/span>Trailing Zeros, Decimal Points, and Justification<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    An example program that uses some of these manipulators:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    \n
    <\/path><\/path><\/svg><\/span>
    \/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  main.cpp<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  iostreams - Stream Manipulators<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  Created by Bryan Higgs on 9\/2\/24.<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iostream><\/span><\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iomanip><\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nvoid<\/span> <\/span>output<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>i<\/span>, <\/span>double<\/span> <\/span>d<\/span>, <\/span>char<\/span> <\/span>s<\/span>[])<\/span><\/span>\n{<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>"<"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>setw<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>) << i << <\/span>"> "<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>"<"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>setw<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>) << d << <\/span>"> "<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>"<"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>setw<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>) << s << <\/span>">"<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n}<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nint<\/span> <\/span>main<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>argc<\/span>, <\/span>const<\/span> <\/span>char<\/span> <\/span>*<\/span> <\/span>argv<\/span>[]) <\/span><\/span>\n{<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>"12.0000 displays as <"<\/span> << <\/span>12.0000<\/span> << <\/span>">"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>"12.1000 displays as <"<\/span> << <\/span>12.1000<\/span> << <\/span>">"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::showpoint;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>"12.0000 displays as <"<\/span> << <\/span>12.0000<\/span> << <\/span>">"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>"12.1000 displays as <"<\/span> << <\/span>12.1000<\/span> << <\/span>">"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>int<\/span> i = -<\/span>12345<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>double<\/span> d = -<\/span>17.56<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>char<\/span> s[] = <\/span>"Hello"<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>"The default is to right justify:"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>output<\/span>(i, d, s);<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>"Set left justification:"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::left;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>output<\/span>(i, d, s);<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>"Set internal justification:"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::internal;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>output<\/span>(i, d, s);<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>"showbase + showpos with internal justification:"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>int<\/span> v = <\/span>1234<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::showbase << <\/span>std<\/span>::showpos;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>"<"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>setw<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>) << <\/span>std<\/span>::dec << v << <\/span>"> "<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>"<"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>setw<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>) << <\/span>std<\/span>::oct << v << <\/span>"> "<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>"<"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>setw<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>) << <\/span>std<\/span>::hex << v << <\/span>">"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/span>\n  <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>0<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n}<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    which outputs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    12.0000 displays as <12>\n12.1000 displays as <12.1>\n\n12.0000 displays as <12.0000>\n12.1000 displays as <12.1000>\n\nThe default is to right justify:\n<    -12345> <  -17.5600> <     Hello>\n\nSet left justification:\n<-12345    > <-17.5600  > <Hello     >\n\nSet internal justification:\n<-    12345> <-  17.5600> <     Hello>\n\nshowbase + showpos with internal justification:\n<+     1234> <     02322> <0x     4d2>\nProgram ended with exit code: 0<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
    <\/span>Fill Characters<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    Fill (or padding) characters are used with adjusted fields.  The default fill character is space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    The char fill() const<\/code><\/strong> member function returns the current fill character<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    The char fill(char cfill)<\/code><\/strong> member function sets the fill character and returns the previous fill character.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    \n
    <\/path><\/path><\/svg><\/span>
    \/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  main.cpp<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  iostreams - Stream Manipulators<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  Created by Bryan Higgs on 9\/2\/24.<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iostream><\/span><\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iomanip><\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nint<\/span> <\/span>main<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>argc<\/span>, <\/span>const<\/span> <\/span>char<\/span> <\/span>*<\/span> <\/span>argv<\/span>[]) <\/span><\/span>\n{<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>int<\/span> i = <\/span>200<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::showbase;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cout<\/span>.<\/span>fill<\/span>(<\/span>'$'<\/span>);<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>"<"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>setw<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>) << i << <\/span>">"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cout<\/span>.<\/span>fill<\/span>(<\/span>'#'<\/span>);<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::left << <\/span>"<"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>setw<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>) << <\/span>"Bye!"<\/span> << <\/span>">"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::internal << <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>setfill<\/span>(<\/span>'^'<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>"<"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>setw<\/span>(<\/span>10<\/span>) << <\/span>std<\/span>::hex << i << <\/span>">"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>0<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n}<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    which outputs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <$$$$$$$200>\n<Bye!######>\n<0x^^^^^^c8>\nProgram ended with exit code: 0<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
    <\/span>Scientific and Fixed Point Formats<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    The scientific<\/strong> and fixed<\/strong> manipulators control the output format of floating point numbers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    There are three floating point formats:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    • Default (‘general’ or ‘automatic’) format<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Scientific format<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Fixed format<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
      \n
      \n
      <\/path><\/path><\/svg><\/span>
      \/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  main.cpp<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  iostreams - Stream Manipulators<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  Created by Bryan Higgs on 9\/2\/24.<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iostream><\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nint<\/span> <\/span>main<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>argc<\/span>, <\/span>const<\/span> <\/span>char<\/span> <\/span>*<\/span> <\/span>argv<\/span>[]) <\/span><\/span>\n{<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>double<\/span> x = <\/span>.001234567<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>double<\/span> y = <\/span>1.946e9<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  \/\/ Default format:<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>"<"<\/span> << x << <\/span>"> <"<\/span> << y << <\/span>">"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  \/\/ Scientific format:<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::scientific;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>"<"<\/span> << x << <\/span>"> <"<\/span> << y << <\/span>">"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  \/\/ Fixed format:<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::fixed;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>"<"<\/span> << x << <\/span>"> <"<\/span> << y << <\/span>">"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  \/\/ Default format:<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cout<\/span>.<\/span>unsetf<\/span>(<\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>ios_base<\/span>::fixed);<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>"<"<\/span> << x << <\/span>"> <"<\/span> << y << <\/span>">"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>0<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n}<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
      \n
      which outputs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      <0.00123457> <1.946e+09>\n<1.234567e-03> <1.946000e+09>\n<0.001235> <1946000000.000000>\n<0.00123457> <1.946e+09>\nProgram ended with exit code: 0<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
      <\/span>Precision<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      Precision means different things in different floating point format modes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      • In default mode, precision denotes the total number of significant digits.<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • In fixed and scientific modes, precision denotes the number of digits after the decimal point.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
        The default precision is 6.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        The precision<\/strong> <\/code>member function and setprecision<\/code><\/strong> stream manipulator control the precision for floating point numbers in a stream:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
          \n
        • int precision() const<\/code><\/strong> returns the current precision setting.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • int precision(int newPrec)<\/code><\/strong> sets a new precision, and returns the previous precision value.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
          For example, for the default format:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
          \n
          \n
          <\/path><\/path><\/svg><\/span>
          \/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  main.cpp<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  iostreams - Stream Manipulators<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  Created by Bryan Higgs on 9\/2\/24.<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iostream><\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nint<\/span> <\/span>main<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>argc<\/span>, <\/span>const<\/span> <\/span>char<\/span> <\/span>*<\/span> <\/span>argv<\/span>[]) <\/span><\/span>\n{<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>double<\/span> value = <\/span>4321.123456789<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>for<\/span> (<\/span>int<\/span> places = <\/span>0<\/span>; places < <\/span>10<\/span>; places++)<\/span><\/span>\n  {<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cout<\/span>.<\/span>precision<\/span>(places);<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << places << <\/span>":"<\/span> << value << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  }<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n  <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>0<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n}<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
          \n
          which outputs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
          0:4e+03\n1:4e+03\n2:4.3e+03\n3:4.32e+03\n4:4321\n5:4321.1\n6:4321.12\n7:4321.123\n8:4321.1235\n9:4321.12346\nProgram ended with exit code: 0<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
          Which shows that the precision means the total number of significant digits, and that the value will overflow if it can’t be represented in the specified number of digits.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
          For the scientific<\/code> format:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
          \n
          \n
          <\/path><\/path><\/svg><\/span>
          \/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  main.cpp<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  iostreams - Stream Manipulators<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  Created by Bryan Higgs on 9\/2\/24.<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iostream><\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nint<\/span> <\/span>main<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>argc<\/span>, <\/span>const<\/span> <\/span>char<\/span> <\/span>*<\/span> <\/span>argv<\/span>[]) <\/span><\/span>\n{<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>double<\/span> value = <\/span>4321.123456789<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::scientific;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>for<\/span> (<\/span>int<\/span> places = <\/span>0<\/span>; places < <\/span>10<\/span>; places++)<\/span><\/span>\n  {<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cout<\/span>.<\/span>precision<\/span>(places);<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << places << <\/span>":"<\/span> << value << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  }<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n  <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>0<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n}<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
          \n
          which outputs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
          0:4e+03\n1:4.3e+03\n2:4.32e+03\n3:4.321e+03\n4:4.3211e+03\n5:4.32112e+03\n6:4.321123e+03\n7:4.3211235e+03\n8:4.32112346e+03\n9:4.321123457e+03\nProgram ended with exit code: 0<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
          Which shows that, in scientific<\/code> format, precision means the number of digits after the decimal point.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
          And for the fixed format, using the setprecision<\/code> stream manipulator:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
          \n
          \n
          <\/path><\/path><\/svg><\/span>
          \/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  main.cpp<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  iostreams - Stream Manipulators<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  Created by Bryan Higgs on 9\/2\/24.<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iostream><\/span><\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iomanip><\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nint<\/span> <\/span>main<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>argc<\/span>, <\/span>const<\/span> <\/span>char<\/span> <\/span>*<\/span> <\/span>argv<\/span>[]) <\/span><\/span>\n{<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>double<\/span> value = <\/span>4321.123456789<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::fixed;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>for<\/span> (<\/span>int<\/span> places = <\/span>0<\/span>; places < <\/span>10<\/span>; places++)<\/span><\/span>\n  {<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>setprecision<\/span>(places)<\/span><\/span>\n              << places << <\/span>":"<\/span> << value << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  }<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n  <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>0<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n}<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
          \n
          which outputs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
          0:4321\n1:4321.1\n2:4321.12\n3:4321.123\n4:4321.1235\n5:4321.12346\n6:4321.123457\n7:4321.1234568\n8:4321.12345679\n9:4321.123456789\nProgram ended with exit code: 0<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
          Which shows that, in fixed<\/code> format, precision means the number of digits after the decimal point.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
          <\/span>Upper\/Lowercase<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
          The uppercase<\/code><\/strong> stream manipulator forces:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
            \n
          • For hexadecimal integers, upper case hex letters and upper case X in the hex indicator<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • For scientific format floating point, upper case E in the exponent indicator<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
            The nouppercase<\/code><\/strong> stream manipulator resets this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
            \n
            \n
            <\/path><\/path><\/svg><\/span>
            \/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  main.cpp<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  iostreams - Stream Manipulators<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  Created by Bryan Higgs on 9\/2\/24.<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iostream><\/span><\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iomanip><\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nint<\/span> <\/span>main<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>argc<\/span>, <\/span>const<\/span> <\/span>char<\/span> <\/span>*<\/span> <\/span>argv<\/span>[]) <\/span><\/span>\n{<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>double<\/span> value = <\/span>4321.12345678<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>int<\/span> i = <\/span>3000<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::scientific << <\/span>std<\/span>::showbase<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>"<"<\/span> << value << <\/span>"> <"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::hex << i << <\/span>">"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::uppercase<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>"<"<\/span> << value << <\/span>"> <"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::hex << i << <\/span>">"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::nouppercase<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>"<"<\/span> << value << <\/span>"> <"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::hex << i << <\/span>">"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n  <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>0<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n}<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
            \n
            which outputs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
            <4.321123e+03> <0xbb8>\n<4.321123E+03> <0XBB8>\n<4.321123e+03> <0xbb8>\nProgram ended with exit code: 0<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
            <\/span>Boolean Format<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
            Normally, boolean values output as 0<\/strong> or 1<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
            The stream manipulator boolalpha<\/code><\/strong> causes boolean values to display as true<\/strong> or false<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
            The stream manipulator noboolalpha<\/code><\/strong> resets this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
            \n
            \n
            <\/path><\/path><\/svg><\/span>
            \/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  main.cpp<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  iostreams - Stream Manipulators<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  Created by Bryan Higgs on 9\/2\/24.<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iostream><\/span><\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iomanip><\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nint<\/span> <\/span>main<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>argc<\/span>, <\/span>const<\/span> <\/span>char<\/span> <\/span>*<\/span> <\/span>argv<\/span>[]) <\/span><\/span>\n{<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>bool<\/span> value = <\/span>true<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << value << <\/span>" (NOT "<\/span> << !value << <\/span>")"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::boolalpha<\/span><\/span>\n            << value << <\/span>" (NOT "<\/span> << !value << <\/span>")"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n  <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>0<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n}<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
            \n
            which outputs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
            1 (NOT 0)\ntrue (NOT false)\nProgram ended with exit code: 0<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
            <\/span>fmtflags<\/strong> and flags<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
            An output stream’s format status is maintained in a data type fmtflags<\/strong><\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
            Member function flags can be used to determine or reset the fmtflags<\/code><\/strong> values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              \n
            • fmtflags flags() const<\/code><\/strong> returns the current value of the format settings<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • fmtflags flags(fmtflags fmtfl)<\/code><\/strong> sets the format state and returns the prior settings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
              \n
              \n
              <\/path><\/path><\/svg><\/span>
              \/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  main.cpp<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  iostreams - Stream Manipulators<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  Created by Bryan Higgs on 9\/2\/24.<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iostream><\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nvoid<\/span> <\/span>output<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>i<\/span>, <\/span>double<\/span> <\/span>d<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n{<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>"Flags = "<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cout<\/span>.<\/span>flags<\/span>() << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl<\/span><\/span>\n            << i << <\/span>"<\/span>\\t<\/span>"<\/span> << d << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n}<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nint<\/span> <\/span>main<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>argc<\/span>, <\/span>const<\/span> <\/span>char<\/span> <\/span>*<\/span> <\/span>argv<\/span>[]) <\/span><\/span>\n{<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>int<\/span> i = <\/span>4523<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>double<\/span> d = <\/span>0.0987654321<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  \/\/ Output default flags and values<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>output<\/span>(i, d);<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  \/\/ Save old format flags<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>ios_base<\/span>::fmtflags oldFormat = <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cout<\/span>.<\/span>flags<\/span>();<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  \/\/ Set some formats<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::showbase << <\/span>std<\/span>::hex << <\/span>std<\/span>::fixed;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  \/\/ Output new flags and values<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>output<\/span>(i, d);<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  \/\/ Restore old format flags<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cout<\/span>.<\/span>flags<\/span>(oldFormat);<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  \/\/ Output flags and values again<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>output<\/span>(i, d);<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n  <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>0<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n}<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
              \n
              which outputs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              Flags = 4098\n4523\t0.0987654\nFlags = 0x120c\n0x11ab\t0.098765\nFlags = 4098\n4523\t0.0987654\nProgram ended with exit code: 0<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
              \n
              fmtflags<\/code><\/strong> is implementation-defined.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
              <\/span>Stream Error States<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
              You can test whether a stream operation succeeded or failed using the idiom:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              while (cin >> name)\n{\n\t\/\/ \u2026\n}<\/strong><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
              or:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              while (true)\n{\n\t\/\/ \u2026\n\tif (!(cin >> name))\n\t\tbreak;\n\t\/\/ \u2026\n}<\/strong><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
              You can also test the state of the stream via the stream error state<\/em>. 
              Use access member functions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              eof()<\/code><\/strong> — end of file (stream) seen<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              fail()<\/code><\/strong> — next operation will fail<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              bad()<\/code><\/strong> — stream corrupted<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              good()<\/code><\/strong> — next operation may succeed<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              rdstate()<\/code><\/strong> — read all stream state bits<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              clear(int mask = 0)<\/code><\/strong> — clear or set state bits<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              \n
              “Applying an input operation to a stream that is not in the good()<\/strong> state is a null operation.”<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
              For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              \n
              \n
              <\/path><\/path><\/svg><\/span>
              \/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  main.cpp<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  iostreams - Stream Manipulators<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  Created by Bryan Higgs on 9\/2\/24.<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iostream><\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nvoid<\/span> <\/span>output<\/span>(<\/span>const<\/span> <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>string<\/span> <\/span>&<\/span>text<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n{<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << text << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>"rdstate(): "<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cin<\/span>.<\/span>rdstate<\/span>() << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>"    eof(): "<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cin<\/span>.<\/span>eof<\/span>() << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>"   fail(): "<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cin<\/span>.<\/span>fail<\/span>() << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>"    bad(): "<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cin<\/span>.<\/span>bad<\/span>() << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>"   good(): "<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cin<\/span>.<\/span>good<\/span>() << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n}<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nint<\/span> <\/span>main<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>argc<\/span>, <\/span>const<\/span> <\/span>char<\/span> <\/span>*<\/span> <\/span>argv<\/span>[]) <\/span><\/span>\n{<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>int<\/span> i;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>output<\/span>(<\/span>"Before input:"<\/span>);<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>"Enter something that "<\/span><\/span>\n            << <\/span>"is not an integer: "<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cin >> i;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>output<\/span>(<\/span>"After input:"<\/span>);<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cin<\/span>.<\/span>clear<\/span>();<\/span>  \/\/ Clear stream<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>output<\/span>(<\/span>"After clearing stream:"<\/span>);<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n  <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>0<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n}<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
              \n
              which outputs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              Before input:\nrdstate(): 0\n    eof(): 0\n   fail(): 0\n    bad(): 0\n   good(): 1\nEnter something that is not an integer: x<\/kbd><\/em>\n\nAfter input:\nrdstate(): 4\n    eof(): 0\n   fail(): 1\n    bad(): 0\n   good(): 0\nAfter clearing stream:\nrdstate(): 0\n    eof(): 0\n   fail(): 0\n    bad(): 0\n   good(): 1\nProgram ended with exit code: 0<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
              You can also test for individual bits:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              eofbit<\/code> — set for a stream when end-of-file encountered<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              failbit<\/code> — set for a stream when a format error occurs<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              badbit<\/code> — set for a stream when an error occurs that results in loss of data (generally unrecoverable)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              goodbit<\/code> — set for a stream when none of the bits eofbit<\/code><\/strong>, failbit<\/code><\/strong> or badbit<\/code><\/strong> is set.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              \n
              \n
              <\/path><\/path><\/svg><\/span>
              \/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  main.cpp<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  iostreams - Stream Manipulators<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/  Created by Bryan Higgs on 9\/2\/24.<\/span><\/span>\n\/\/<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n#include<\/span> <\/span><iostream><\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nvoid<\/span> <\/span>output<\/span>(<\/span>const<\/span> <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>string<\/span> <\/span>&<\/span>text<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n{<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << text << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>ios_base<\/span>::iostate state = <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cin<\/span>.<\/span>rdstate<\/span>();<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>if<\/span> (state & <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>ios_base<\/span>::eofbit)<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>"eof bit set"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>if<\/span> (state & <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>ios_base<\/span>::failbit)<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>"fail bit set"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>if<\/span> (state & <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>ios_base<\/span>::badbit)<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>"bad bit set"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>if<\/span> (state & <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>ios_base<\/span>::goodbit)<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>"good bit set"<\/span> << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n}<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nint<\/span> <\/span>main<\/span>(<\/span>int<\/span> <\/span>argc<\/span>, <\/span>const<\/span> <\/span>char<\/span> <\/span>*<\/span> <\/span>argv<\/span>[]) <\/span><\/span>\n{<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>int<\/span> i;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>output<\/span>(<\/span>"Before input:"<\/span>);<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>"Enter something that is not an integer: "<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cin >> i;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::cout << <\/span>std<\/span>::endl;<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>output<\/span>(<\/span>"After input:"<\/span>);<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>std<\/span>::<\/span>cin<\/span>.<\/span>clear<\/span>();<\/span>  \/\/ Clear stream<\/span><\/span>\n  <\/span>output<\/span>(<\/span>"After clearing stream:"<\/span>);<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n  <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>0<\/span>;<\/span><\/span>\n}<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
              \n
              which outputs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              Before input:\nEnter something that is not an integer: x<\/kbd>\n\nAfter input:\nfail bit set\nAfter clearing stream:\nProgram ended with exit code: 0<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
              <\/div>\n\n\n\n
              \n
              Next: Tying Streams<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
              Stream Manipulators Stream manipulators perform formatting tasks.  They can: Integer Base You can use the dec, oct, hex and setbase stream manipulators to control how integers are interpreted for a stream: which outputs: NOTE: The italicized number is input to the program. For setbase(base), values of base other than 8, 10, or 16 reset basefield to zero, which corresponds […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":936,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1830","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bhiggs.x10hosting.com\/PracticalCPlusPlusProgramming\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1830","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bhiggs.x10hosting.com\/PracticalCPlusPlusProgramming\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bhiggs.x10hosting.com\/PracticalCPlusPlusProgramming\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bhiggs.x10hosting.com\/PracticalCPlusPlusProgramming\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bhiggs.x10hosting.com\/PracticalCPlusPlusProgramming\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1830"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/bhiggs.x10hosting.com\/PracticalCPlusPlusProgramming\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1830\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1852,"href":"https:\/\/bhiggs.x10hosting.com\/PracticalCPlusPlusProgramming\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1830\/revisions\/1852"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bhiggs.x10hosting.com\/PracticalCPlusPlusProgramming\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/936"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bhiggs.x10hosting.com\/PracticalCPlusPlusProgramming\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1830"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}